Climate Change and Farmers' Adaptation Strategies: The Case of Rice Producers in Nghe An Province, Vietnam

Date Received: Aug 03, 2021

Date Published: Mar 30, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31817/vjas.2022.5.1.05

Views

2059

Download

428

Issue: Vol. 5 No. 1 (2022): Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Section:

NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT

How to Cite:

Bien, V., Tien, H., Son, N., Vinh, B., Quan, N., Hanh, D., … Phuong, T. (2022). Climate Change and Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies: The Case of Rice Producers in Nghe An Province, Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(1), 1359–1374. https://doi.org/10.31817/vjas.2022.5.1.05

Climate Change and Farmers' Adaptation Strategies: The Case of Rice Producers in Nghe An Province, Vietnam

Vu Thanh Bien (*) 1 , Ho Nguyen Diem Tien 2 , Ngo Thanh Son 1 , Bui Le Vinh 1 , Nguyen Van Quan 1 , Do Thi Duc Hanh 1 , Pham Duy Khanh 1   , Tran Trong Phuong 1

  • Corresponding author: vtbien@vnua.edu.vn
  • 1 Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam
  • 2 Faculty of Economics and Law, Tien Giang University, Tien Giang 861000, Vietnam

    • Keywords

    Climate change, rice, adaptation strategy, multivariate probit, Nghe An

    Abstract


    This research aimed at assessing climate trends and adaptation strategies to the impacts of climate change on rice producers in Nghe An province. For the first objective, multiple graphs, the Mann–Kendall test, and Sen’s Slope test were employed to analyze the secondary data of rainfall, temperature, and rice yield in Nghe An from 1995 to 2019. The results showed that the rice productivity of Nghe An increased over the 25-year period, annual rainfall decreased in the winter-spring season, and annual temperature increased in the summer-autumn season. For the second objective, primary data were collected by conducting household surveys of 396 households in Nghe An province. Sixty-two percent of farmers did not adopt any adaptive strategies, while other strategies included changing the planting schedule, growing stress-tolerant crops, improving irrigation practices, and utilizing fertilizer and other good practices. Multivariate probit regression (MVP) was employed to analyze the factors affecting the adaptation strategies of households in the study area. The results of MVP showed that age, education, gender, household size, farm size, cooperative, farmer organization, extension services, access to credit, access to irrigation, rainfall, and living in Quynh Luu or Dien Chau significantly affected the farmers’ choice. The results implied that farmers can obtain advanced technology, social learning, and community practices by participating in farmer organizations and cooperatives. In specified area, local authorities should invest in improving irrigation systems, practicing land consolidation, practicing special farming techniques, and providing timely weather forecasts for enhancing farmers’ resilience. 

    References

    Adeleke C. (2019). Analysis of maize-based farmers' choice of adaptation strategies to climate change in Nigeria. Global Scientific Journal. 7(1): 443-458.

    Ahmad S., Israr M. & Rehman M. U. (2017). Agronomic practices and adaptive strategies of the farmers to climate change in central Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pure and Applied Biology. 6(4): 1132-1150. DOI: 10.19045/bspab.2017.600122.

    Ahmad I., Tang D., Wang T. F., Wang M. & Wagan B. (2015). Precipitation trends over time using Mann-Kendall and Spearman’s rho Tests in Swat River Basin, Pakistan. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Advances in Meteorology. 2: 1-15. DOI: 10.1155/2015/431860.

    Alem Y., Bezabih M., Kassie M. & Zikhali P. (2010). Does fertilizer use respond to rainfall variability? Panel data evidence from Ethiopia. Agricultural Economics. 41(2): 165-175. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2009.00436.x.

    Baruah U. D., Saikia, A., Robeson S. M., Mili N. & Chand P. (2021). Perceptions and adaptation behavior of farmers to climate change in the upper Brahmaputra Valley, India. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 23: 15529-15549. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-01309-z.

    Bhusal A., Khatri L., Bhandari B., Sherpa L. & Neupane G. (2020). Climate-smart agriculture (CSA): Training manual. local initiatives for biodiversity, research and development (LI-BIRD) and Ministry of Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperative (MoLMAC), Gandaki Province, Pokhara, Nepal. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10568/111199 (last accessed July 2021).

    Buresh R. J., Castillo R. L., Torre J. C. D., Laureles E. V., Samson M. I., Sinohin P. J. & Guerra M. (2019). Site-specific nutrient management for rice in the Philippines: Calculation of field-specific fertilizer requirements by Rice Crop Manager. Field Crops Research. 239: 56-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2019.05.013.

    Cao X., Yuan L., Liu X., Zhu L., Zhu C., Kong Y., Wu L., Tian C., Lu R., Zhang J., Yu Y. & Jin Q. (2021). Benefits of controlled-release/stable fertilizers plus biochar for rice grain yield and nitrogen utilization under alternating wet and dry irrigation. European Journal of Agronomy. 129. DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2021.126338.

    Cappellarri L. & Jenkins S. P. (2003). Multivariate probit regression using simulated maximum likelihood. The Stata Journal. 3(3): 278-294.

    Chandio A. A., Magsi H. & Ozturk I. (2020). Examining the effects of climate change on rice production: case study of Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 27(8): 7812-7822.

    Chandio A. A., Jiang Y., Ahmad F., Adhikari S. & Ain Q. U. (2021a). Assessing the impacts of climatic and technological factors on rice production: Empirical evidence from Nepal. Technology in Society. 66. DOI: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101607.

    Chandio A. A., Gokmenoglu K. K., Ahmad M. & Jiang Y. (2021b). Towards sustainable rice production in Asia: The role of climatic factors. Earth Systems and Environment. DOI: 10.1007/s41748-021-00210-z.

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2015). Climate-Smart Agriculture: A call for action. Synthesis of the Asia-Pacific Regional Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 18-20 June 2015. 1-120.

    FAO (2019). Handbook on climate smart agriculture in Myanmar. Rome, Italy. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/documents/card/fr/c/CA3662EN/ on March 12, 2020.

    Gadedjisso-Tossou, A., Adjegan, K.I.; Kablan & A.K.M. (2021) Rainfall and temperature trend analysis by Mann–Kendall Test and Significance for rainfed cereal yields in Northern Togo. Sci, 3, 17. DOI: 10.3390/sci3010017.

    General Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO) (2020). Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam. Retrieved from https://www.gso.gov.vn/px-web-2/ on April 14, 2020 (in Vietnamese).

    GSO (2021). Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam. Retrieved from https://www.gso.gov.vn/so-lieu-thong-ke on May 12, 2020 (in Vietnamese).

    Hoang L. T. T. (2019). Assessing the vulnerability of the agricultural sector in Nghe An Province due to the impact of climate change taking into account the weight of indicators. VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences. 35(4): 57-67. DOI: 10.25073/2588-1094/vnuees.4421.

    Hoang V. P., Ha X. L. & Le T. T. (2021). The advantages of the system of rice intensification (SRI) in environmental protection and climate change mitigation in rice production – a review. TNU Journal of Science and Technology. 226(09): 11- 21.

    Huynh V. C., Le Q. N. P., Nguyen M. T. H., Tran P. T., Nguyen T. Q., Pham T. G., Nguyen L. H. K., Nguyen L. T. D. & Trinh H. N. (2020). Indigenous knowledge in relation to climate change: adaptation practices used by the Xo Dang people of central Vietnam. Heliyon. 6(12). DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05656.

    International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (2012). Enabling poor rural people to overcome poverty. Sustainable smallholder agriculture: Feeding the world, protecting the planet. Proceedings of the Governing Council Events, In conjunction with the Thirty-fifth Session of IFAD’s Governing Council. International Fund for Agricultural Development, Rome, Italy. 48 pages. Retrieved from http://exchange.growasia.org/system/files/proceeding.pdf on January 15, 2020.

    Islam A. R. M. T., Shill B. K., Salam R., Siddik M. N. A. & Patwary M. A. (2021). Insight into farmers’ agricultural adaptive strategy to climate change in Northern Bangladesh. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 23: 2439-2464. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-020-00681-6.

    Kangogo D., Dentoni D. & Bijman J. (2020). Determinants of Farm Resilience to Climate Change: The Role of Farmer Entrepreneurship and Value Chain Collaborations. Sustainability. 12. DOI: 10.3390/su12030868.

    Kassie G.-W., Kim S. & Fellizarjr F. P. (2017). Determinant factors of livelihood diversification: Evidence from Ethiopia. Cogent Social Sciences. 3: 1-16.

    Kieu T. T. H., Nguyen T. N., Nguyen T. H. T., Vu T. H. A., Nguyen Do H. G & Nguyen Q. T. (2020). Indigenous knowledge in climate change adaptation: Case studies of ethnic minorities in the Northern Mountain Region of Vietnam. Journal of Vietnamese Environment Special Issue DAW2020. 12(2): 155-161. DOI: 10.13141/jve.vol12.no2.pp155-161.

    Komba C. & Muchapondwa E. (2018). Adaptation to climate change by smallholder farmers in Tanzania. Agricultural adaptation to climate change in Africa, Routledge in Association with GSE. 129 (168): 129–168.

    Krishnan P., Ramakrishnan B., Reddy K. R., Reddy V. (2011). High-temperature effects on rice growth, yield, and grain quality. In: Sparks D. L. (Ed). Advances in Agronomy. 111, Burlington: 87-206.

    Le T. T. P., Skielboe T. & Pham T. M. H. (2011). Understanding water conflict and cooperation in Con Cuong, Nghe An province, Vietnam. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics. 3(3): 121-131.

    Le T. H. P., Biesbroek G. R. & Wals A. E. J. (2018). Barriers and enablers to climate change adaptation in hierarchical governance systems: the case of Vietnam. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning. 20(4): 518-532. DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2018.1447366.

    Lindegaard L. S. (2020). A historical, scaled approach to climate change adaptation: the case of Vietnam. Journal of Political Ecology. 27(1): 105-124. DOI: 10.2458/v27i1.22049.

    Nciizah T., Nciizah E., Mubekaphi C. & Nciizah A. D. (2021). Role of small grains in adapting to climate change: Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe. In: Filho W. L., Oguge N., Ayal D., Adeleke L. & da Silva I. (Eds). African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer, Cham. 581-598. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_254.

    Nghe An Statistical Office – NASO. (2020). Nghe An statistical yearbook 2019. NASO, Nghe An province, Vietnam (in Vietnamese).

    Nghe An Portal (2014). Overview of Nghe An Province, natural and social conditions. Retrieved from http://nghean.gov.vn:10040/wps/wcm/connect/ NgheAn+Foreign+Language/nghean_eng/ na_eng_sitearea/overview/en_dktn (last accessed July 2021).

    Nghe An’s Department of Agriculture and Rural Development - Nghe An’s DARD (2020). Socio-economic development report in 2020, Nghe An’s DARD, Nghe An Province, Vietnam (in Vietnamese).

    Nghe An’s Department of Agriculture and Rural Development - Nghe An’s DARD (2021a). The increase in fertilizer prices affects agricultural production and solutions. Retrieved from https://khuyennongnghean.com.vn/index.php/trong-trot/gia-phan-bon-tang-gay-anh-huong-den-san-xuat-nong-nghiep-va-giai-phap-han-che-1046.html on October 5, 2020 (in Vietnamese).

    Nghe An’s DARD (2021b). Report on agricultural development. Vinh, Nghe An. http://www.nnptnt.nghean.gov.vn/wps/portal/nnptnt (in Vietnamese).

    Ngo T. D. & Hoang V. P. (2016). System of rice intensification in Vietnam: A decade journey. Report presented at the Event SRI's 10-year journey in Vietnam. September 27-28, 2016. Nui Coc Lake Praza, City, Thai Nguyen. Retrieved from http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/countries/vietnam/SRI_in_Vietnam_A_decade_journey_0916.pdf on October 5, 2020 (in Vietnamese).

    Oxfam America (2014). Evaluation of farmerled agricultural innovation for resilience 2010-2012. Oxfam America. Retried from https://s3.amazonaws.com/oxfam-us/www/ static/media/files/Evaluation_of_the_Farmer-Led_Agricultural_Innovation_for_ Resilience_2010-2012 on March 25, 2020.

    Rakgase M. & Norris D. (2015). Factors that influence choice of drought coping strategies in limpopo province, South Africa. Journal of Human Ecology. 47(2): 111-116. DOI: 10.1080/09709274.2014.11906743.

    Thai T. K. O., Nguyen T. T. C., Luong T. T. N. & Dao Q. T. (2019). Research the prospects of applying green economy in Nghe An. Proceedings of 15 th International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences 2019 (IC-HUSO 2019), November 11-12, 2019. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. 860-871.

    Tran T., Nguyen V. T., Huynh T. L. H., Mai V. K., Nguyen X. H. & Doan H. P. (2016). climate change and sea level rise scenarios for Vietnam. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi, Vietnam.

    United Nations Industrial Development Organization - UNIDO (2012). A compilation of baseline studies for the development of technical assistance projects on the reduction of postharvest losses in exporting and importing countries. The Cases of Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria. pp144. Retrieved from https://open.unido.org/api/documents/4615725/download/ on May 5, 2020.

    Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment – IMHEN (2016). The scenario of climate change and sea level rise for Vietnam. IMHEN, Hanoi, Vietnam. Retrieved from http://imh.ac.vn/tin-tuc/cat14/377/Cap-nhat-kich-ban-bien-doi-khi-hau-va-nuoc-bien-dang-cho-Viet-Nam on May 15, 2020 (in Vietnamese).

    Vietnam Meteorological and Hydrological Administration (2020). Some assessments on trends of droughts and floods in the period 1993-2020. Retrieved from http://kttvqg.gov.vn/tin-tuc-khcn-120/mot-so-danh-gia-ve%3F-dien-bien-han-va-lu-giai-doan-1993-2020-6395.html on May 15, 2020 (in Vietnamese).

    Williams P. A., Crespo O., & Abu M. (2019). Adapting to changing climate through improving adaptive capacity at the local level – The case of smallholder horticultural producers in Ghana. Climate Risk Management. 23: 124-135. DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2018.12.004.

    Woldeselassie A., Dechassa N., Alemayehu Y., Tana T. & Bedadi B. (2021). Soil and water management practices as a strategy to cope with climate change effects in smallholder potato production in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia. Sustainability. 13: 6420. DOI: 10.3390/su13116420.

    World Bank (2020). Vietnam Overview. Retrieved from: https://www.worldbank.org/ Vietnam/overview on February 20, 2020.

    Wu Y., Huang W., Zhou F., Fu J., Wang S., Cui X., Wang Q., Bo Y., Yang S., Wang N., Gu X., Chen J. & Zhu J. (2020). Raindrop-induced ejection at soil-water interface contributes substantially to nutrient runoff losses from rice paddies. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 304 (1): DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2020.107135.

    Yang A., Tien N. D., Phuong V. T., Trung L. Q., Thuy T. P., Larson A. M. & Ravikumar A. (2016). Analyzing multilevel governance in Vietnam: Lessons for REDD+ from the study of land-use change and benefit sharing in Nghe An and Dien Bien provinces. Working Paper 218. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR, 79 pages. DOI: 10.17528/cifor/006392.

    Yamane T. (1967). Statistics, An Introductory Analysis (2nd ed). New York: Harper and Row.

    Zhuang Y., Zhang L., Li S., Liu H., Zhai L., Zhou F., Ye Y., Ruan S. & Wen W. (2019). Effects and potential of water-saving irrigation for rice production in China. Agricultural Water Management. 217: 374-382. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2019.03.010.

    Zougmoré R. B., Läderach P. & Campbell B. M. (2021). Transforming food systems in Africa under climate change pressure: Role of climate-smart agriculture. Sustainability. 13: 4305. DOI: 10.3390/su13084305.