Vol 6 No 3 (2023): Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences

fertilizer on the growth and yield of Malabar spinach (Basella alba). The experiment included 6 treatments: Without application – as a control (T1); 1 ton ha^-1 soybean meal (T2); 16 tons ha^-1 cow manure (T3); 12 tons ha^-1 Azolla fertilizer (T4); 16 tons ha^-1 Azolla fertilizer (T5); and 20 tons ha^-1 Azolla fertilizer (T6). The results showed that the application of Azolla fertilizer significantly increased shoot length, number of leaves, leaf size, dry matter, leaf area index (LAI), and SPAD of Malabar spinach compared to the control or cow manure. The application of Azolla fertilizer at the rates of 12, 16, and 20 tons ha^-1 significantly increased the yield of Malabar spinach by 150, 192, and 205%, respectively, compared to the control; and by 37, 60, and 67%, respectively, compared to the cow manure treatment. Yields and parameters of harvested vegetables were the highest in treatments with 16 to 20 tons ha^-1 Azolla fertilizer. The results suggest that Azolla fertilizer can be used as an alternative organic nitrogen source in organic vegetable production.

terms of the step plan, focus, system boundaries, reuse, and business models. The CE model includes slowing and closing resource loops and a narrowing of resource flows and is based on the foundation of renewable and non-toxic resources as well as through long-lasting design, and reducing, maintaining, repairing, reusing, remanufacturing, refurbishing, recovering, and recycling. Many countries around the world have adapted a CE model with different circularity levels with the main focus to reduce waste. The paper also recommends that a CE should be percieved as the central point of socio-economic development programs and policies that must address the full cycle, from product design to production processes, consumption, and recycling rather than having only a waste reduction focus. Producers should use a CE framework as the basis for product design, manufacturing, and recycling strategies. Consumers should change their perception of CE and adjust their behaviors towards making decisions to buy and consume toward circularity. Also, there is a need to change the perceptions of policy makers and other stakeholders on the CE concepts and framework.

and three trading companies), and three supermarkets. Comparative and descriptive statistics were applied to get the full picture of vegetable distribution system, including  traditional and modern channels. While traditional distribution channels involved various intermediaries, supermarket channels tended to be shorter due to direct producer-buyer relationships. In addition, while supermarket distribution channels focused on safe vegetables, including VietGAP and organic certified vegetables, there was no difference between safe and conventional vegetables in traditional channels. Therefore, producers may get 50% higher prices when supplying supermarkets compared to traditional channels. Recommended solutions to strengthen the distribution system of vegetables are to encourage the development of agricultural cooperatives, raise vertical integration, and develop sustainable cooperation among stakeholders in the supply chain.

own- and cross-price elasticities of imported melons into China differentiated by exporting country. The demand system of imported melons into China was estimated using a source-differentiated Linear Approximation of the Almost Ideal Demand System (LA-AIDS). The results suggest that imported melons are weakly separable from other imported fruits. While melons from Vietnam and Myanmar are substitutes for each other, the price of melons from the rest of the world (ROW) did not have a significant effect on China’s imports of melons from Vietnam or Myanmar. The estimated coefficients from the seasonal dummy variables included in the demand equations show little seasonality in the market shares of Vietnam, Myanmar, and the ROW for melon imports to China.

Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental, and Misamis Oriental. The data were gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire with 22 respondents composed of 9 pomelo producers and 13 traders. The majority of the pomelo products that were sold in the markets in Northern Mindanao come from outside the region, such as Davao and Cotabato provinces, while pomelo produced in the region were sold outside the region. Among the three marketing chains of pomelo, the producer to consumer is considered the most efficient chain based on the estimated losses. Challenges in the pomelo industry include the lack of technical knowledge among the producers, poor quality of the pomelo, high buying price, and information asymmetry. Improvement in the industry could be enhanced by addressing the challenges identified.

that most of them were very proactive and flexibly applied different strategies and measures to prevent and minimize losses. However, the differences in the strategies chosen and the level of application among the households depended largely on the household’s resource capacity as well as the awareness of the household head. To promote the sustainable development of tea production in this area, the government and relevant actors in the local tea value chain should work together in order to develop solutions to intervene and support households to improve their capacity to apply risk-coping strategies more effectively in the future.

highlighted numerous significant conclusions. First, perennial crop systems contributed significantly to the improvement of rural households' livelihoods through improved monetary income, job creation, the participation of women, and expanded work prospects. Second, intercropping systems were the most economically viable sources of income and less susceptible to market price risk. This conclusions emphasize the importance of farmers and local governments understanding the roles of perennial crops to livelihoods.