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The Roles of Perennial Crop Systems to Rural Households: A Case Study in Dak Lak Province, Central Highlands, Vietnam

Phan Thi Thuy, Vo Xuan Hoi, Le The Phiet, Nguyen Ngoc Thang, Le Duc Niem, Lebailly Philippe

Received: Feb 14, 2023 / Published: Sep 29, 2023
This study investigated the role of perennial crop systems in enhancing sustainable livelihoods among rural households in Dak Lak province, Vietnam, with a particular focus on coffee and pepper crops. To gather data for this study, structured interviews were conducted with 86 households (90 farms) through a multi-stage sampling approach from January to May 2019. Moreover, the effectiveness of two agroforestry systems, monoculture and multitrophic agroforestry, was compared. The findings highlighted numerous significant conclusions. First, perennial crop systems contributed significantly to the improvement of rural households' livelihoods through improved monetary income, job creation, the participation of women, and expanded work prospects. Second, intercropping systems were the most economically viable sources of income and less susceptible to market price risk. This conclusions emphasize the importance of farmers and local governments understanding the roles of perennial crops to livelihoods.
The Impacts of Social and Economic Determinants on Poverty: An Empirical Study on Southeast Asia

Nguyen Anh Tru

Received: Sep 02, 2021 / Accepted: Jun 27, 2022 / Published: Jun 27, 2022
The article attempted to examine the influences of social and economic determinants on poverty in seven Southeast Asian countries, namely Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Vietnam, between 1996 and 2013 using a panel dataset. It was empirically found that the average GDP per capita and Gini index contributed to poverty reduction in Southeast Asian countries. The results also addressed that the population and poverty gap had positive impacts on the rate of the poverty headcount in the region. Policies were recommended to accelerate economic growth, reduce poverty, and achieve sustainable development in Southeast Asia. First, economic growth should be fostered since it assists in reducing poverty in Southeast Asian countries. Second, although the growth of population provides the labor forces to the economy, population growth in Southeast Asia should be carefully controlled since it increases poverty in the region. Third, an increase in the number of rich inhabitants in the society should be encouraged because it can mitigate poverty in the region. Finally, policies in redistributing income as well as in narrowing down income inequality in each society should be considered by the governments because these contribute to poverty reduction in the region.
The Effect of Credit Risk on the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Vietnam

Dang Thi Hai Yen, Pham Le Thao Trang, Nguyen Thi Huong, Dao Thi Hoang Anh

Received: Dec 15, 2023 / Published: Jun 28, 2024
Creating credit is the main income-generating activity for banks. However, granting credit always comes with risks. Credit risk is the risk of losing part or all of a debt due to failure to pay on time or default. Credit risk is considered the most important risk affecting banking performance. Therefore, this study measured the effect of credit risk on the financial performance of Vietnamese commercial banks. The research sample was made up of 30 commercial banks in Vietnam during the period from 2017 to 2022. There were a total of 180 observations in the balanced data panel. To control for unobserved individual effects, this study used a fixed effects model (FEM) with adjusted standard errors. Return on equity (ROE), return on asset (ROA), and net interest margin (NIM) were the indicators for bank financial performance. The non-performing loan (NPL) rate variable represented credit risk. The control variables were cost to income ratio (CIR), equity to asset (ETA), total loans to total assets (LTA), GDP growth (GDP), and Covid. The research results showed that credit risk had a negative and statistically significant effect on the banks' financial performance. This can be explained by the increase in the NPL ratio, causing banks to increase provisions for loan losses, thereby reducing profits. Reduced profits were also because of poor risk management, information asymmetry, and moral hazards. The study also provided a number of solutions and recommendations to improve bank financial performance.
Measures Used for Water Quality Management in Intensive Pangasius Catfish Production in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta: Experiences from Household Practices and Gender Roles

Nguyen Thi Hai Ninh, Ho Ngoc Cuong

Received: Apr 14, 2022 / Published: Dec 30, 2022
Intensive aquaculture on a household-scale in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta region often decreases the quality of the water. The consequences are a negative effect on the yield of Pangasius catfish, which in turn reduces the income generation potential. Water quality management has become an important consideration, not only for sustaining livelihoods from household-scale aquaculture but also for mitigating the impacts on the surrounding water bodies. The purposes of this paper are to identify strategies for improving water quality management in households practicing aquaculture and to understand the role gender plays in water management in the Mekong Delta. The effectiveness of existing household approaches to water quality management was found through analyzing data gathered through interviews. The primary data consisted of interviews with 32 operators of different household-scale aquaculture systems. It was found that in 46% of these households, water quality had declined over the last three years. Several causes were identified including the accumulation of chemicals and antibiotic residues, excessive stocking rates, and a lack of a water treatment system. Several strategies to better manage water quality in these ponds were identified including changing the clean water more frequently, removing sediment after each harvest, planting trees around the ponds, and applying lime to the base of the pond, or using potassium permanganate for disinfection before use. Although many water quality management approaches were in use by households, more than 90% of these activities were implemented by men.
Factors Affecting Farmers’ Adoption of Sustainable Land Management Practices in Vietnam

Nguyen Mau Dung

Received: Mar 30, 2022 / Published: Sep 30, 2022
This study aimed to identify the factors affecting farmers’ adoption of sustainable land management (SLM) practices to combat land degradation in Vietnam. Based on the survey data from 826 farmers in three representative regions, the study showed that the SLM model and SLM adoption rate were quite varied due to differences of natural and socio-economic conditions. The results of logistic regression showed that household income and access to loans had positive impacts on SLM adoption with statistical significance in all the regions surveyed. More extension visits in the upland and coastal regions, and more agricultural laborers in farm households in the coastal and Mekong delta regions were found to increase the probability of SLM adoption. Meanwhile, the number of plots and number of members in households were found to have negative impacts on adoption. Providing training courses for farmers, building SLM demonstrations, and providing financial support for farmers through credit programs should be enhanced for better SLM adoption in farm households.
The Importance of Socio-economic Development to Sustainable Natural Resources Management in Rural Areas: A Case Study of Sustainable Livelihoods and Forest Management in Xuan Nha Nature Reserve in Northwestern Vietnam

Nguyen Thi Luyen, Ngo Thanh Son

Received: Aug 23, 2021 / Published: Mar 30, 2022
Sustainable forest management is facing threats such as deforestation, forest degradation, and biodiversity loss due to socio-economic conditions, a weak governance capacity, and lack of public participation. In Xuan Nha Nature Reserve, about 50% of the total population are living below the poverty level and their livelihoods are depending on forest. The community’s activities have been creating pressures on the forest by reducing the forest area, increasing forest land degradation, and through illegal logging. The objectives of the study were to (i) identify sustainable livelihood options; (ii) the most suitable livelihood practices with the purpose of reducing poverty for local communities and their dependency on forest resources; and (iii) recommend suitable policies to reduce the conflict between socio-economic development and forest management. In order to achieve these objectives, we used the LIFE (livelihood, income, forest condition, and equity); the Sustainable Livelihood Framework; and the Advocacy Coalition Framework. The results showed that fruit orchards and beekeeping were two suitable livelihood options for the buffer areas since there were more convenient assets such as roads, markets, and human knowledge, while fruit orchards and local pig farming were suggested for the ERA (ecological restoration area) and SPA (strictly protected area) to solve the problem of land degradation and maintain the traditional habits of the local community. Regarding policy changes, support for livelihood practices and improvement of the community’s and authorities’ awareness on forest protection was necessary for all the sub-areas for reducing poverty and the pressures on forest resources of the community.
Lecturers’ Subjective Well-being: A case study

Tran Thi Thanh Tam, Nguyen Thi Thanh Hien, Nguyen Thi Hoai

Received: Oct 02, 2020 / Published: Dec 31, 2021
The aim of this study was to show the level of lecturers’ subjective well-being at Vietnam National University of Agriculture and the differences in their subjective well-being levels according to the variables of gender, education, income, and teaching experience. The study used the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) designed by Hills and Argyle (2002). The questionnaire included 29 items and has been widely used as a scale for the assessment of personal subjective well-being. The results showed that most lecturers at Vietnam National University of Agriculture were quite happy. There were significant differences in the level of subjective well-being according to some variables investigated.
Water-Saving Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilizer Use Efficiency for Irrigated Rice in the Red River Delta, Vietnam

Ngo Thanh Son, Nguyen Thu Ha

Received: Feb 02, 2021 / Published: Oct 28, 2021
The objective of this research was to quantify the effects of water-saving regimes and fertilizer application improvement on water productivity, N-use efficiency, and rice yield. The results showed that the tested water treatments did not have significant effects on the growth and development, yield components, and final grain yield, but water productivity was significantly increased from 1.28 kg grain m-3 (W0) water to 1.74 kg grain m-3 water (W1) and 1.94 kg grain m-3 water (W2). In addition, the percentage of total irrigation water saved from W1 and W2 were 25.24-44.52% compared to continuous flooding. Fertilizer deep placement (FDP) combined with organic compost significantly increased the grain yield of the tested hybrid rice variety. Average grain yield increased quickly from 2847 kg ha-1 with 0 kg N ha-1 to 5263 kg ha-1 with 120 kg N ha-1 under the fertilizer deep placement method. The highest total nitrogen uptake, agronomic nitrogen efficiency (ANE), and nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) were obtained from alternate wetting and drying at a -20cm water depth and the fertilizer deep placement method (W1N2). In addition, it also gave the highest income in comparison with the other treatments. Therefore, alternate wetting and drying at a -20cm water depth and fertilizer deep placement method should be encouraged for implementation in other regions of Vietnam.
Students’ Perceptions of Climate Change: A Case Study at Vietnam National University of Agriculture

Nguyen Thi Bich Yen, Dinh Thi Hai Van, Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy, Duong Van Hung

Received: Sep 30, 2020 / Published: Oct 28, 2021
This study aimed to determine the perceptions of climate change of undergraduate students at Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA). The study employed quantitative and descriptive methods using a five-point Likert scale instrument. The respondents were composed of 276 undergraduate students from three faculties, viz. the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (FES), the Faculty of Agronomy (FA), and the Faculty of Economics and Rural Development (FERD). The results showed that students were generally well aware of the causes of climate change, the effects of climate change, and actions to mitigate climate change (average value > 3.5). However, students were mostly well aware of the causes and impacts that are common and direct. Students did not have a good understanding of the causes related to food production and consumption. Students also did not know how climate change can affect social issues such as conflict and war issues, or inequality in income and gender. Among the three faculties, students of the FES had a better awareness of the causes and impacts of climate change but were less aware of the actions to mitigate climate change. Internet and television/radio were the main sources of information about climate change for students (88% and 61%, respectively). This study showed that it is necessary to increase the provision of information related to climate change through the media as well as to integrate climate change knowledge into training programs at all levels from high school to university to improve the students' perceptions of climate change.
Production and Marketing of Fresh Oranges: A Case Study in Tuyen Quang Province, Vietnam

Tran Thi Dien, Nguyen Mau Dung, Nguyen Tuan Nghia

Received: Aug 21, 2018 / Accepted: Aug 21, 2018 / Published: Aug 21, 2018
Orange is one of the world’s most important economic fruit crops. Orange is the local fruit tree that has been cultivated for generations in Tuyen Quang province of Vietnam. Orange production has significantly improved the income of farm households and alleviated the rural poverty in Tuyen Quang in recent years. This paper aimed to investigate the actors involved in the orange supply chain in the province. The study used descriptive statistics and chain analysis methods to explore the problems in each stage of the orange supply chain. A total of 195 respondents including input suppliers, orange farmers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, consumers, and public stakeholders were selected for direct interviews. The study revealed that the production and marketing of orange fruit in the province faces several constraints, such as spontaneous production, excessive supply, high seasonality, and difficulties in selling. There existed no preservation or processing facilities for oranges, resulting in high post-harvest losses. Oranges have been entirely consumed in domestic markets, not exported. In order to develop orange production and marketing in Tuyen Quang province towards concentrated commodity production, the study recommended feasible solutions for each stage as well as the whole of the orange supply chain.

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