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An Integrated Wireless Sensing System for Monitoring Environmental Parameters in Mushroom Houses

Nguyen Kim Dung, Dang Thi Thuy Huyen, Nguyen Van Dieu, Nguyen Thi Bich Thuy

Received: Aug 21, 2018 / Accepted: Aug 21, 2018 / Published: Aug 21, 2018
The paper presents an integrated wireless sensing system for monitoring environmental parameters, including temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity in mushroom houses. The developed system not only collects spatial environmental data but also enables end-users to remotely observe them via smart devices. Assembly of five sensornodes with a wireless sensor network was used to gather data. The results have shown relatively accurate measurements in terms of environmental parameters. The system is low cost, simple and easy to operate by displaying the native language in interface monitoring software. Therefore, the generated system should be applied in monitoring air temperature, humidity, and light intensity in mushroom houses. Additionally, this study has provided good opportunities for Vietnamese farmers to approach the high technology application in agriculture.
Linkage between Farm Households and Enterprises in the Production and Selling of Potato: A Case Study in Dong Trieu Town, Quang Ninh Province

Doan Thi Ngoc Thuy, Bui Thi Mai Linh, Nguyen Thi Thu Trang, Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh

Received: Aug 23, 2023 / Accepted: Sep 13, 2024 / Published: Sep 30, 2024
This study aimed to analyze the status of the economic linkage between farm households and Orion Vina Food Co., Ltd. enterprise in potato production and selling in Dong Trieu town, Quang Ninh province. The study was conducted through in-depth interviews with 136 farm households (62 linked and 74 unlinked) with the direct interview survey method, and collected data were processed using SPSS. The binary logit model was used to analyze the factors affecting the decision of farm households to join the linkage. The research results showed that the linkage brought benefits to both the farm households and the enterprise, but there are still some limitations. The decision of households to join the linkage was influenced by factors such as production area, production experience, agricultural extension training, and membership in a cooperative. In order to promote economic linkages between farm households and the enterprise, the solutions that need to be implemented include: i) Raising farmers' awareness about the role of linkages in potato production and selling; ii) Strengthening support for farmers in terms of the enterprise providing technology and inputs for production and purchasing potatoes; and iii) Encouraging the local government to support the establishment of cooperatives, strengthen agricultural extension training to attract households to join the linkage, and increase the efficiency of potato production in the town.
Growth Characterization of Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) under Salinity and Drought Stresses at the Seedling Stage

Le Thi Tuyet Cham, Vu Khanh Linh, Vu Thi Thuy Hang

Received: Dec 19, 2023 / Accepted: Aug 26, 2024 / Published: Sep 30, 2024
This study aimed to assess the combined effects of salinity and drought stresses on the growth and physiology of sugarcane. The pot experiment was carried out in the Autumn cropping season of 2021 under the polyhouse conditions at the Vietnam National University of Agriculture. The experiment consisted of four treatments: non-stress treatment (control), drought stress, salt stress, and salt and drought stress (combined stress). Five weeks after transplanting, salt stress was applied first for four weeks and followed by drought stress for another two weeks. The results showed that under the impact of stresses, sugarcane growth was inhibited with decreases in plant height, number of leaves, Fv/Fm, SPAD, and the fresh and dry weights of roots and stems. The growth and physiology indicators were the lowest under the combined effects of salinity and drought stress.
In-vitro Culturability of Soybean Cultivars

Hoang Duc Nhat Linh, Vu Thi Thuy Hang, Dinh Truong Son, Le Thi Tuyet Cham

Received: Mar 25, 2024 / Published: Jun 28, 2024
In-vitro regeneration of soybean is a prerequisite for successful genetic transformation. This study aimed to investigate the culturability of three soybean cultivars for in-vitro regeneration, focusing on genotypes, media, explant types, and plant growth regulators. Shoot tips, cotyledons, and hypocotyl segments were excised from 7-day-old in-vitro seedlings as explants for subsequent in-vitro regeneration. All cultivars exhibited good callus formation from all types of explants, with shoot tips and cotyledons being more suitable. Calluses were induced on Gamborg B5 or Murashige and Skoog (MS) media using various concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D). The combination of BA and TDZ or BA and 2,4D exerted an inhibitory effect on shoot and root induction. Media supplemented with BA produced calluses at a rate of 100%. Appropriate BA concentrations for shoot induction for ĐT35 and VNUAĐ2 were 1.0-2.0 mg L-1, and 2.0-3.0 mg L-1, respectively. MS + 2 mg L-1 BA for shoot tip explants and MS + 3.0 mg L-1 BA for cotyledon explants were appropriate to induce calluses and shoots. As BA concentrations increased, the root induction rate gradually decreased considerably. For both ĐT35 and VNUAĐ2, MS + 2.0 mg L-1 BA + 0.5 or 1.0 mg L-1 αNAA could be used to multiply calluses. Although shoots induced from calluses of ĐT35 were observed on MS + 1.5 or 2.0 mg L-1 BA + 1 mg L-1 αNAA, no shoots were observed for VNUAĐ2.
Effects of Mulching Materials on the Growth and Yield of Peanuts Cultivated in Coastal Areas of Thanh Hoa Province

Vu Thi Thuy Hang, Nguyen Duy Bach, Le Thi Tuyet Cham

Received: Sep 04, 2023 / Accepted: Mar 29, 2024 / Published: Mar 29, 2024
Mulches have been widely applied in crop production in order to minimize water requirements, preserve soil moisture, and curb weed growth for higher yield and water use efficiency. This research aimed to assess the impact of organic mulches on peanut productivity in the coastal areas of Thanh Hoa province. The experiment was carried out during the 2019 spring growing season. A split pot design was used with two peanut cultivars (L14 & L23) as the main plots and five types of mulching materials (clear plastic, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, water hyacinth, and bare soil) as the subplots. It was revealed that rice straw exhibited a positive influence on the growth attributes and yield of peanuts, comparable to clear plastic and other organic mulch materials. Notably, rice straw contributed to enhanced plant growth, dry matter production, pod filling, and yield. Additionally, the net return of rice straw application was also the highest. The results suggested that organic mulching materials (rice straw and plant residues) can be effectively used for peanuts because of their availability and biodegradability as an eco-friendly agricultural practice.
Exploitation of Catechin Extract from Pruned Tea Leaves as a Promising Food Preservative Against Lipid Oxidation

Lai Thi Ngoc Ha, Tran Thi Hoai, Hoang Lan Phuong, Nguyen Van Lam

Received: Jun 19, 2023 / Published: Mar 29, 2024
In Vietnam, a tea-producing country, the tea buds and top three leaves are normally used for tea production while older leaves are pruned and discarded as agricultural waste in the winter. The present study aimed to exploit catechins from pruned tea leaves and use them as natural antioxidants for applications in the food industry. Catechins were analyzed using the guideline of ISO 14502-2-2005 by HPLC-MWD. The contents of catechins in pruned tea leaves of ten popular tea varieties were relatively high, ranging from 65.57 to 136.88 mg/g dry weight. The optimized conditions for catechin extraction from Phuc Van Tien pruned tea leaves (one of the varieties with a high catechin content) were found using response surface methodology as follows: a liquid-to-solid ratio of 21.6/1 at 70oC for 31 minutes. The catechin-rich extract powder was added to sesame oil to inhibit lipid oxidation. During oil accelerated oxidation at 60oC, the catechin-rich extract powder inhibited the increase of the peroxide value compared with the negative and positive controls (no preservative and added tert-butylhydroquinone, respectively). Significant positive correlations between the decrease of catechin content and the inhibition of peroxide formation (r = 0.91, 0.94, 0.95, 0.97, and 0.96 for catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, and epicatechin, respectively, P <0.05) proved that the inhibition of peroxide formation in the sesame oil was essentially due to the antioxidant capacity of the catechins in the pruned tea leaf extract. Catechin extracts from pruned tea leaves are potential sources of natural antioxidants for oil preservation.
Polyphenols from Tropical Almond Leaves (Terminalia catappa L.): Optimized Extraction Conditions and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity

Nguyen Thi Thu Nga, Nguyen Xuan Bac, Vu Thi Hanh, Lai Thi Ngoc Ha

Received: Dec 17, 2022 / Published: Mar 29, 2024
The purpose of this study was to find the optimal conditions for extracting polyphenols from Vietnamese tropical almond leaves (Terminalia catappa L.) and to assess the anti-diabetic activities of the resulting extract. The polyphenol extraction from Vietnamese tropical almond leaves was optimized using the response surface methodology. A rotatable central composite design (RCCD) with three variables (ethanol concentration, temperature, and extraction time), consisting of 21 experimental runs with three replicates at the center, minimal, and maximal factorial points was applied to describe the experimental data. The experimental results properly confirmed the constructed model (R2 = 0.8337). The optimized conditions were as follows: ethanol concentration of 62.76%, a temperature of 62.2°C, and an extraction time of 70 minutes. Five extractions were performed in parallel at the optimized conditions to validate the model. The experimental values highly agreed with the predicted value. The extract powder has powerful effects against the α-glucosidase activity and can develop as a novel natural anti-diabetic agent.
Identification of Three Toxocara species, T. canis in Dogs, and T. cati and T. malaysiensis in cats, in Vietnam by PCR-RFLP Analysis and DNA Sequencing

Nguyen Thi Hoang Yen, Nguyen Van Phuong, Duong Duc Hieu, Nguyen Thi Lan Anh

Received: Jul 25, 2022 / Published: Dec 29, 2023
Toxocara canis and T. cati are common roundworms parasitizing dogs and cats, respectively. However, a recent study detected T. malaysiensis, but not T. cati, in cats from some parts of Ha Noi and Nam Dinh Provinces raising the question of whether T. cati is present in cats in Vietnam. This study was conducted to determine the composition of Toxocara species in dogs and cats in Vietnam. One hundred and twenty-seven Toxocara adult worms were collected from dogs and cats and were analyzed by PCR-RFLP assay and DNA sequencing of a partial section of the cox1 gene. As a result, all samples amplified by PCR showed bands about 430 bp in length. PCR products digested by MseI from isolates from cats and dogs showed four and two restriction patterns, respectively. The six different patterns were chosen to sequence. Based on the restriction patterns and sequencing results, two Toxocara species were identified in the cats, namely T. cati (110/111 isolates) and T. malaysiensis (1/111 isolates) collected from Ha Noi and Hai Duong, respectively; and T. canis was identified in the dogs (16/16 isolates). In addition, the present study indicated intra-specific sequence variations of Toxocara spp. in dogs and cats. In conclusion, the study confirmed the presence of both T. cati and T. malaysiensis in cats, and T. canis in dogs in Vietnam, and suggests further large-scale investigations to fully understand the distribution and genetic variations of Toxocara spp. in cats and dogs in Vietnam.
Ethnic Minority Farmers’ Perceptions of Climate Change and Its Effects on Crop Production in Northwest Vietnam: A Case Study of H’mong Farmers in Pa Lau Commune, Tram Tau District, Yen Bai Province

Nguyen Thi Bich Yen, Tran Nguyen Bang, Pham Thi Hai Luyen, Giang A Tu, Tran Duc Vien

Received: Feb 09, 2023 / Published: Jun 30, 2023
This study aimed to assess the perception of H'mong farmers in the northwest mountainous region on climate change, its impacts on crop production, and their adaptation strategies. Reports on natural disaster events and their damages for the period ranging from 2012-2021, together with meteorological data including daily temperature and precipitation for 1991-2021, were collected. Fifty households among the H’mong farmers were randomly selected from four villages of Pa Lau commune for interviews based on structured questionnaires. The results showed that most H’mong farmers know that the climate is changing. However, their perceptions of the trends of these changes in terms of rainfall, temperature, and extreme weather events were not consistent with the analysis of meteorological data. The results also revealed that this is because the farmers evaluated the changes mainly based on their observations of short-term climate changes and the associated impacts that directly affect their livelihoods. The farmers perceived that soil erosion and hot and extreme cold weather have tended to increase their impacts on the production of some major local crops. Other types of natural disasters such as droughts, floods, landslides, pests, and strong winds have tended to have more or less impacts depending on the crop type. Adaptation measures taken by farmers to mitigate the effects of climate change are mainly simple, flexible, seasonal and low-cost measures. This study provides basic information for authorities at all levels to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change.
Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to Determine the Influencing Factors of Recycling Pig Wastewater for Crop Cultivation in Hanoi City

Nguyen Thi Huong Giang, Tran Cong Chinh, Tran Duc Vien, Nguyen Tat Thang; Ngo The An

Received: Dec 05, 2022 / Published: Jun 30, 2023
The study was conducted to analyze the factors affecting the use of pig wastewater for crop cultivation in Hanoi city. Through the application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to develop the theoretical framework and structural equation modeling, the study showed that the behavior intention influenced the recycling behavior. Attitude toward the behavior (AT), social norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) were important influencing factors on the intention to perform this behavior with standardized regression coefficients of ß = 0.96 (P <0.001), ß = -0.826 (P <0.001), and ß = -0.34 (P <0.001), respectively. These research results serve as the initial reference for policies and studies related to the use of pig wastewater.
Effects of Land Preparation and Iron-coated Rice Seeds on Yield, Growth Parameters, and Soil Properties in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Tran Van Dung, Nguyen Van Qui, Tran Huynh Khanh, Do Ba Tan, Vu Van Long, Nguyen Canh Cong, Masaaki Miyauchi, Sashi Kazumichi

Received: Jul 18, 2022 / Published: Jun 30, 2023
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of land preparation methods and iron-coated (Fe-coated) rice seeds on the growth, yield, and Fe uptake of rice in alluvial soils in the Mekong Delta region. The experiment was conducted in the 2020 summer-autumn cropping season under the triple rice cultivation system in Chau Thanh district, An Giang province. The field experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six treatments and four replications. The treatments were: (T1) puddled + water seeding + Fe-coated seeds; (T2) non-puddled + dry seeding + Fe-coated seeds; (T3) zero-tillage + non-puddled + dry seeding + Fe-coated seeds; (T4) puddled + water seeding + sprouted + non-Fe-coated seeds; (T5) puddled + wet seeding + sprouted + non-Fe-coated seeds; and (T6) puddled + transplanting + sprouted + non-Fe-coated seeds. The results showed that changes in the land preparation, planting method, and Fe-coated seeds did not significantly affect the number of tillers, plant height, yield components, soil chemical properties, grain yield, or Fe uptake of the rice plants and grains. However, the T3 and T6 treatments tended to have higher grains yields (5.86-5.90 tons ha-1), and higher total Fe content in grains (93.0-94.3 mg kg-1) and rice plants (83.1-84.0 mg kg-1). The findings from this study confirmed that the new planting method using zero-tillage + non-puddled + dry seeding + Fe-coated seeds can maintain the germination rate, growth, and grain yield of rice.
Phenolic Extracts from Myrtaceae Leaves Improve the Quality and Shelf-life of Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp

Lai Thi Ngoc Ha, Tran Thi Hoai, Nguyen Van Lam, Hoang Lan Phuong

Received: Aug 04, 2022 / Published: Dec 30, 2022
This study aimed to quantify the phenolic contents and the antioxidant capacities of leaf extract powders from three Myrtaceae plants, namely Cleistocalyx operculatus (Vietnamese name: Vối), Psidium guajava (Ổi), and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Sim), investigate their inhibitive activities on the growth of bacteria isolated from spoiled shrimps, and evaluate their values as preservative agents in the cold storage of Pacific whiteleg shrimps (Penaeus vannamei). The extract leaf powders from R. tomentosa, C. operculatus, and P. guajava had high phenolic contents of 281.25, 282.36, and 349.51 mg gallic acid equivalent/g leaf extract, respectively. Among the three plants, the extract powders of R. tomentosa and P. guajava leaves had the highest antioxidant capacities (about 4 mmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g) followed by the one of C. operculatus (2.85 mmol TE/g). These three extract powders showed significant antibacterial activities against the seven bacteria isolated from cold-stored spoiled whiteleg shrimps with the inhibition zones ranging from 0.33 to 19.67mm depending on the extract concentration. Among the three leaf extracts, the one from P. guajava leaves showed the highest inhibitive activity. Aeromonas sp2 was the most sensible to Myrtaceae leaf extracts while Aeromonas sp4 was the least affected strain. All the extracts showed high inhibitive activities against melanosis, volatile nitrogen-containing compounds formation, lipid oxidation, and microbial growth in stored shrimps, thereby prolonging the shelf-life of the shrimps. The results suggested the potential application of these three Myrtaceae plants as sources of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents in the cold storage of shrimps.
Assessing the Status of Information Technology Applications to Accounting Work by SMEs in Hanoi: Implications for E-accounting

Phan Le Trang, Phi Thi Diem Hong, Tran Nguyen Thi Yen, Nguyen Thi Hai Binh

Received: May 13, 2022 / Published: Dec 30, 2022
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which make up over 90% of the total number of enterprises in Vietnam, play important roles in economic development not only in Hanoi but also in the whole country. As an effective tool in business management, accounting supplies important information for making decisions. Recently, information technology in business, especially in accounting work or e-accounting, has increased, and along with many advantages in terms of job productivity, has also been considered as the source of changing the roles of accountants in business. In order to show evidence of these changes as being the background for issuing solutions to improve information technology applications in accounting areas of enterprises, this study conducted a survey of 186 small and medium-sized enterprises in Hanoi. The research results showed that the lack of knowledge of current accounting staff is one of the two biggest obstacles to improving the application of information technology or developing e-accounting in accounting areas of small and medium-sized enterprises. Almost all the enterprises accepted the positive features of information technology for accounting work, however they still strongly considered the dynamics as well as the satisfaction of specific information technology products in their accounting work, especially in dealing with new business transactions.
Effects of Diet Composition on the Life-History Traits of Bactrocera Dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Than The Anh, Le Ngoc Anh, Pham Thi Hieu, Ho Thi Thu Giang

Received: Nov 03, 2021 / Published: Dec 30, 2022
Nutrient acquisition at the larval stage has significant impacts on the development, body weight, and fecundity of fruit flies. In this study, we examined the effects of diet composition on the life-history traits of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae). We reared the flies on four larval diets, namely three artificial diets, which had the main ingredients of sugar, brewer’s yeast, and preservatives; and one fruit-based diet, which had the main contents of ground guava, brewer’s yeast, and preservatives. The three artificial diets had varied yeast-to-sugar ratios (Y:S) of 5:1 in the protein-rich diet, 1.67:1 in the standard diet, and 1:3 in the sugar-rich diet. Differences in development time, pupal weight, adult weight, and fecundity of B. dorsalis were investigated. It was found that the development times of fruit flies on the protein-rich and fruit-based diets were shorter than those on the sugar-rich and standard diets. Pupae and adults in the fruit-based and standard diets were heavier than those from the protein-rich and sugar-rich diets. There was a strong effect of diet on the per-day fecundity whereby the flies in the fruit-based diet had the highest per-day fecundity, while the lowest per-day fecundity was in the sugar-rich diet. The per-day fecundity of the fruit flies on the standard and sugar-rich diets increased gradually from day 1 to day 15, while it decreased in the protein-rich and fruit-based diets.
Supplemental Effects of Self-extracted Organic Nutrient Solution on the Growth and Yied of Water Spinach (Ipomoea Aquatic F.) in an Aquaponic System

Nguyen Thi Ai Nghia, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Dinh, Nguyen Hong Hanh, Do Thi Huong

Received: Dec 06, 2021 / Accepted: Sep 22, 2022 / Published: Sep 30, 2022
Aquaponics combines two technologies, recirculating aquaculture systems and hydroponics in a closed system. The nutrients recycled from fish tanks supply nutrients for vegetables grown in hydroponics, however in some cases, the nutrient levels may not be sufficient for the optimal growth and yield of plants. In this study, two experiments were conducted to understand the effects of supplemental organic nutrient solutions on plant growth and yield in climbing perch-water spinach aquaponics. Experiment 1 (Exp.1) was conducted to evaluate the effects of three types of leaf-based organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of water spinach, namely self-extracted organic nutrient solution (OE), and two popular commercial foliar organic fertilizers, Hydro Fulvic (OF1) and TCN HUME (OF2), with the dose of 1%. Exp.1 showed that supplementation with the self-extracted solution significantly increased the growth and yield of water spinach but did not change the quality of water spinach in terms of the Brix values and nitrate residue content compared to the control. However, the self-extracted solution showed less effectiveness than the two commercial fertilizers in this experiment. Therefore, we conducted experiment 2 (Exp.2) to determine the suitable concentration and potential use of this extract for water spinach in aquaponics. The results of Exp.2 indicated that the concentration of 2% was the most economical and effective to provide supplemental nutrients for water spinach in the climbing perch-water spinach system. The study suggests that self-extracted organic nutrient solutions can be effectively used for growing water spinach in aquaponic systems.
An Assessment of the Economic Efficiency of Swine Farms Applying BioSecurity Practices in Bac Ninh Province, Vietnam

Le Thanh Ha, Lai Phuong Thao, Nguyen Xuan Hoa, Do Quang Giam

Received: Sep 21, 2021 / Accepted: Jun 27, 2022 / Published: Jun 27, 2022
The research focused on evaluating the economic efficiency of swine farms applying biosecurity practices in Bac Ninh Province. Our study surveyed 143 pig farms in Bac Ninh province. The ordinal logit regression model was employed to estimate the factors affecting the level of biosecurity practices. Moreover, the semi-log regression model was used to examine the influence of some factors affecting the profitability of pig farms. The results showed that biosecurity practices had a significant impact on the economic efficiency of livestock farms by helping livestock farms increase their economic efficiency, reducing the mortality rate of animals, and reducing the rate of abandonment of farms. The factors affecting the level of biosecurity application on the farms included the gender, experience, and education of the farm owner, and the livestock scale. The results aslo expressed a negative relationship between the economic efficiency of the farm and seeding costs, electricity and water costs, feeding costs, labor costs, and veterinary medicine costs, and a positive relationship between the economic efficiency and selling price as well as between the livestock scale and biosecurity application. Finally, some appropriated solutions could be recommended for the improvement of the economic efficiency of swine farms applying biosecurity practices.
Analysis of Mango Marketing Channels in Siraha, Nepal

Parihat Jivan, Kumar Yadav Pankaj, Sapkota Saroj

Received: May 15, 2021 / Published: Mar 30, 2022
The Siraha district of Nepal experiences surplus mango production during the season that ends up being wasted or sold at throw-away prices due to imperfect marketing. Thus, this survey research was conducted to investigate the market channels of mango, post-harvest mechanisms, constraints, marketing margins, market shares, consumer purchasing behaviors, and patterns of purchasing in Siraha.The research survey was done with thirty producers, five wholesalers, thirty-two retailers, and twenty-five consumers within the Golbazaar and Dhangadimai municipalities through a semi-structured questionnaire. Mango trading was dominated by males. It was revealed that the market demand for mango in Siraha was produced in Siraha itself(91.49%). The wholesalers supplied 30.66% of their mango to retailers, and 14.73% to consumers. Gulab Khas and Banaganapalli were the most imported varieties from India. Each variety of mango provided an almost equal margin, although Bombay was slightly higher than others. The market share was dominated by the Maldah variety as most of the farmers cultivated this variety.It was found that in addition to the varieties and arrival time, the distance to markets and farming practices were significant factors influencing the profitability of mango marketing. There is great potential to industrialize and substitute the Indian mango in the market through commercial production of mango, efficient storage, and post-harvest management, and in increasing the efficiency of the mango marketing system through subsidies and aids to the mango growing farmers from concerned stakeholders. A collaborative approach is required among all stakeholders for sustainable mango marketing and establishing it as an economic profession.
Effects of Dietary Supplementation with a Mixed Powder of Medicinal Plants on the Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Chemical Composition, and Meat Quality of Pigs

Nguyen Cong Oanh, Nguyen Thi Huyen, Nguyen Dinh Tien, Vu Dinh Ton

Received: Jun 17, 2021 / Published: Dec 31, 2021
The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a medicinal plant mixture (MP) (60% Bindens pilosa L., 15% Urena lobata L., 15% Pseuderanthemum palatiferum, 5% Ramulus Cinnamomi, and 5% Illicium verum Hook. f.) as a feed additive to promote the growth performance and meat quality of grower-finisher pigs. Forty-eight crossbred pigs (Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire)), with initial live body weights of 30.3 ± 1.42kg, were randomly allocated to four dietary groups, with three replicates of each group and four animals per replicate. The experimental pigs were fed a basal diet supplemented with MP powder at 0, 20, 40, or 60 g kg-1 of feed (T0, T20, T40, and T60) for 15 weeks. The growth performance, carcass quality parameters, chemical composition, fatty acids, and cholesterol contents of the pig meat were measured. There were no statistical differences (P> 0.05) in the final live body weight, overall average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio among the control and MP treatments. MP supplementation significantly increased the protein content (P = 0.02) and decreased the cholesterol content (P = 0.04) of raw longissimus dorsi muscle. The obtained results indicate that the dietary MP supplementation tested could have the potential to improve meat quality and decrease the cholesterol content in pork with no adverse effects on the growth performance.
Water Quality Assessment and Eutrophic Classification of Hanoi Lakes Using Different Indices

Nguyen Thi Thu Ha, Dinh Tien Dzung, Ho Thi Thuy Hang, Trinh Quang Huy, Nguyen Ngoc Tu

Received: Nov 05, 2020 / Published: Dec 31, 2021
The trophic levels in urban lakes are typically based on the forms of nutrition and phytoplankton communities in the lakes. In this study, comparisons between eutrophication indices and the water quality index (VN-WQI) were used to classify the water quality of 20 lakes in Hanoi, Vietnam. The results showed that the water quality ranged from very bad to poor. High levels of the eutrophication phenomenon in terms of total N and P were observed in all sampling sites. Cyanobacteria was the dominate algae phylum making up 65.78% of the total population, whereas Chlorophyta (including 19 genera) was the most diverse phylum. The density of the algae was 5,000-14,000 cells mL-1 and the chlorophyll-a level was 10-40 µg L-1. Based on this information, the water quality levels in the lakes were classified from eutrophic to polytrophic. The Trophic Status Index (TSI) and Trophic Level Index (TLI) values were 66.9-86.0 and 54.4-76.0 points, respectively, corresponding from eutrophic to extreme-trophic. Classifications based on algae community structure indices were from oligotrophic to eutrophic, similar and consistent with the TLI classifications. According to the results in this study, the TLI was found to be more accurate and precise than the other indices. It is recommended that the TLI is an applicable tool to classify eutrophication in urban lakes.
Preliminary N2O Emissions of Major Vegetable Cropping Systems in Peri-urban Hanoi, Vietnam

Nguyen Phi Hung, Ampt Peter, Rogers Gordon, Ly Thi Thu Ha

Received: Sep 03, 2020 / Published: Dec 31, 2021
Crop management practices in intensive vegetable production can influence nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils. This study quantified seasonal N2O emissions and N2O emission intensities, and investigated the factors driving emissions in different vegetable management practices. Emissions from four typical vegetable crops (two choy sums, a mustard, and a cabbage) were intensively measured over the 2016 autumn season on farms in Van Noi and Dang Xa communes in the Hanoi peri-urban area. Different N2O emissions were observed in the four leafy vegetable crops. The average daily emissions varied from 12.15 g to 40.08 g N2O-N ha-1 and the autumn season N2O emissions varied from 1.13 kg to 8.45 kg N2O-N ha-1 across the four crops. The greatest daily and season emissions were from cabbage, and the lowest were from mustard. Emission intensities varied among the types of vegetables and was the lowest at the mustard farm (37 kg CO2-e t-1), indicating that the crop management practices increased the mustard yield but retained a low N2O emission rate. Practices responsible for high N2O emissions were overuse of nitrogen fertilisers and furrow irrigation. An improvement in the farmers’ adoption of best practices in fertiliser application and irrigation could reduce N2O emissions without affecting crop productivity.
Study on Stem Cutting Propagation of Gynostemma Pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino in Hoa Binh Province

Ninh Thi Phip, Nguyen Phuong Mai, Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai, Nguyen Mai Thom

Received: Oct 28, 2020 / Published: Aug 10, 2021
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino is a medicinal plant distributed mostly in the mountainous areas of Vietnam. G. pentaphyllum contains more than 189 types of saponin which can be used for the treatment of various diseases. Currently, due to over-exploitation, this plant species is under threaten. Our research aimed to study a suitable method for plant propagation by stem cutting techniques to promote the growth and development of G. pentaphyllum. Six experiments were conducted to (i) evaluate the established seedling rates of different G. pentaphyllum varieties, and choose the best variety to (ii) evaluate the established seedling rate influenced by different factors, viz. stem cutting position, cutting season, growing in the selected substrates, stem cutting length, number of buds per stem, and application of α-NAA. The results showed that among five varieties, G2 which was collected in Mai Chau district disclosed the highest ability to shooting, the highest number of roots per stem cutting, the shortest nursery days, the highest shooting rate, and the highestestablished seedling rate. We also determined that using middle-aged plants for stem cuttings, at 15-20cm in length, with 2 nodes and grown in Spring and Winter cropping seasons, using growing substrates with a mixture of 50% of black sand and 50% of soil, and plus α-NAA 50ppm in 3-5min produced the highest explant rate. The established seedlingsat the time of explant were 15-20cm in height, containing 4-5 leaves and at least 9-10 roots per cutting, and were 30-32 days.
Effects of Temperature on Population Growth and Resting Egg Production of Freshwater Rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus)

Doan Thi Nhinh, Pham Thi Lam Hong, Truong Dinh Hoai, Kim Van Van

Received: Jun 10, 2020 / Published: Dec 31, 2020
Resting egg production of rotifers provides critical advantages in larviculture of most fish species due to the reduction in the costs of labour and algae production. The study was conducted to investigate the effects of temperature on population growth and resting egg production of a freshwater rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus, collected in Northern Vietnam. The rotifer was pre-cultured at 27ºC before being transferred to the cultures at 15 and 35ºC while the control was maintained at 27ºC. One-liter beakers filled with 500mL culture medium were used with three replicates for each temperature group. Stock rotifers were inoculated at an initial density of 200 ind ml-1 and fed with concentrated fresh algae. The results indicated that population growth rate (r) of rotifers cultured at 27 and 35ºC were significantly higher than that of rotifers at 15ºC while the highest density was attained from the treatment of 27ºC, at 608.3 ind mL-1, compared to 468.3 and 360.5 ind mL-1 at 35 and 15ºC, respectively. Transferring the cultures from 27 to 35ºC significantly increased the rate of resting egg carrying females with the maximum rate of 31.5% compared to 21.2 and 13.5% of the rotifers at 27 and 15ºC, respectively. The resting egg densities of the cultures at 35ºC were also significantly higher than those at 15 and 27ºC. The resting egg carrying females appeared and increased their rates in concurrence with increases in the population density. The present results are important information for resting egg induction and production of rotifer in larviculture.
Evaluating the Knowledge of Small and Medium Enteprises’ Managers in Presenting the Information on Financial Statements toward International Integration

Phi Thi Diem Hong, Phan Le Trang, Nguyen Thi Hai Binh, Tran Nguyen Thi Yen

Received: Jun 11, 2020 / Published: Mar 05, 2021
In the context of international integration, managers’ knowledge plays an important role as a valuable organizational resource from a strategic perspective and a foundation for competitive advantage in business environment. The aim of this paper was to build assessment model and attest it in the case of Vietnam’s Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) regarding manager’s knowledge in preparing the information on financial statements. By analyzing current relative standards (including international and national systems) and two basic assessment models (ASK by Bloom et al. (1956) and BKD by Shinseki (1999)), the study developed to identify the assessment criteria of the manager’s knowledge as one main research objective. The research data of 71 SMEs in the sample showed that: (i)The relationship between managers’ background and their understanding about information on their financial statements was a negative linkage; (ii) The number of managers using their financial statements to make a business decision was very low; and (iii) The most important criteria on the financial statement in their views were profits and revenues.
Theoretical and Practical Issues of Research on the Consumption Needs for Safe Foods in Vietnam Using the Willingness to Pay Model

Le Thanh Ha, Nguyen Van Phuong, Do Quang Giam, Tran Quang Trung

Received: Jun 11, 2020 / Published: Mar 05, 2021
Research on consumer needs for safe foods under the willingness to pay (WTP) approach based on consumer behavior has been performed widely and has contributed greatly to the development of safe foods, assisted enterprises’ decision-making processes in improving agricultural and food products, and provided orientation to policymakers in improving public health as well as in fostering sustainable economic growth. Some of the methods used for measuring WTP for safe foods, such as contingent value (CV), choice experiment (CE), and auction experiment (AE), have made significant contributions to the evaluation of consumers’ WTP for food safety. Moreover, the application of these models has helped to estimate the effects of many factors such as demography, consumer habits, continuation of food safety, individual characteristics, promotion, and product attributes, etc., on the WTP for food safety. The trend of safe food consumption in Vietnam has distinct characteristics, some of which come from national cultural identities; therefore, Vietnamese researchers may approach the empirical studies on this issue all over the world in order to find proper methods for studying consumer needs for safe foods in Vietnam.
Application of the Internet of Things technology (IoT) in Designing an Automatic Water Quality Monitoring System for Aquaculture Ponds

Nguyen Quang Huy, Vu Thi Thu Giang, Le Vu Quan, Ho Vo The Cuong

Received: Apr 12, 2020 / Published: Nov 27, 2020
The current aims to apply the Internet of Things technology (IoT) in designing an automatic system for measuring and monitoring important parameters of aquaculture ponds such as temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO). The system includes the Arduino Nano main microcontroller (the device that transmits and pushes data to the Raspberry Pi 3 Web server), the DS18B20 temperature sensor module, the pH sensor module V1.1, and the DO Sensor SKU SEN0237. The system is capable of continuously measuring the above parameters of aquaculture ponds. The measurement results are stored and transmitted wirelessly to smart devices such as computers and mobile phones. Farmers can continuously monitor water quality parameters of aquaculture ponds (pH, DO, temperature) through these smart devices. In addition, a warning message will be sent to the farmer's phone when the DO index of the aquaculture pond falls below the prescribed level. The results of the test evaluation also show the high accuracy of the system when compared with the sample measuring device. All relative errors are satisfied less than the limit value of 5%.

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